Rich Man's College?
IN EVENING REMINISCENCES from Canada to Mexico billowing tobacco smoke floats into visions of the old good days when Dartmouth students got up at six in a room as cold as the top of Moosilauke and only slightly less draughty, when they lugged wood into the classrooms and built the fires, when at the end of term they might walk home 60 or 100 miles to save coach fare, when they had snowshoes instead of skis, when they drove ramshackle Model T Fords, and when they would have laughed down the effeminate vision of a ski tow hauling the lazy uphill.
"Now when I was in College," they say, "things were different. Today Dartmouth is expensive—the poor boy doesn't have a chance. The College has changed."
It has come time to ask whether some of these charges are true. Is Dartmouth now a rich man's college? This is a different question from: Is Dartmouth a rich college? (Everyone knows that it is not.) Is it true that a boy from a wealthy family has a better chance than a poor boy of getting by the Director of Admissions? Has a young man without a nickel any chance of being allowed to benefit from four years in Hanover? Must we face the paradoxical question whether Dartmouth needs to be a richer college to save it from being a rich man's college?
A person who talks about the luxuriousness of life at Dartmouth is usually an outsider. Let him spend fairmindedly some time in Hanover with the avowed purpose of trying to determine the social tone of the undergraduate body. He would become easily convinced about the simplicity and out-of-doors informality in clothes. The local haberdashers would tell him that they would never think of trying to compete with the deluxe New Haven outfitters and that they content themselves with offering suits and slacks and sweaters and shoes at average prices.
The indifference of the students to rugs, curtains, pictures, furniture, and spacious living quarters puzzles visitors from other institutions. Dormitory rooms are small and unpretentious, and the living rooms in the older dormitories like North and South Mass. uninviting in their bareness.
Lining Main Street are no fancy restaurants where connoisseurs indulge their sybaritic tastes. The Inn and The Outing Club House where the food is best and expensive, according to undergraduate opinion, are seldom crowded. Any cafe or eating-club proprietor will tell an inquirer that the students think a long time about spending an extra quarter for food and will hesitate about a meal costing a dime more.
Dartmouth fraternities, as fraternities and clubs in some other colleges go, are not show places but are designed to meet the essential needs of their members, nothing more, and construction plans of new houses are strictly limited.
It is of course true that in the undergraduate body are some boys with rich fathers, but anyone would have a difficult task on his hands to spot them. They look like everyone else. Dartmouth still prides itself on democracy, which means that students judge one another on what they can do in studies and in sport and on what they are as human beings.
In open-hearted America where dandified airs and social conceit are the most unpopular of failings, any charge that Dartmouth has sold out to the plutocrats is one which sons of the College would resent.
Is THE SELECTIVE PROCESS DEMOCRATIC? The questions mentioned above lead to other questions: Is the Selective Process operating to eliminate democratic values which have always been associated with Dartmouth? Is the financial aid program so operating? Are there other influences which make the Dartmouth student body of today less representative nationally? Are Dartmouth students as broadly representative of the whole range of social and economic backgrounds as formerly? Is it more expensive to attend Dartmouth than other similar colleges? Is Dartmouth getting its share of the cream of the annual crop of high school and preparatory school graduates, and particularly outstanding boys from homes without financial resources?
In quest of the answers to these questions conferences were held with President Hopkins, who is, of course, intimate with all aspects of college policy; with Professor Francis J. A. Neef, who as Director of the Personnel Bureau and Chairman of the Committee on Scholarships and Loans administers the College's financial aid program for needy students; with Robert C. Strong '24, who as Director of Admissions administers Dartmouth's Selective Process; with Halsey C. Edgerton '06, Treasurer of the College, to whom the President and Trustees delegate the administration of the College's business and financial affairs; with William H. McCarter '19, Director of Athletics, for whom the College's financial aid program in relation to athletes has importance in current discussions among colleges in this sphere; with Albert I. Dickerson '30, Executive Assistant to the President, who carried on most of the correspondence which developed out of the United States Office of Education's published figures on the expenses of going to college; and numerous others.
Some of the facts and opinions which came out of these interviews are arresting. Dartmouth, with perhaps one other college, is the most truly national among American colleges. Dartmouth could easily fill every entering freshman class with students amply able to pay the full cost of attending college. Dartmouth could fill its student body with fully qualified applicants from the state of New York, or the state of Massachusetts, or the state of Illinois. Dartmouth is the only college in which students from its own state rank down the list (fifth) numerically. Dartmouth is unable to make provision for the applicant "who doesn't have a nickel." Dartmouth for twenty years has been in a trend of increasing numbers of students from metropolitan areas, decreasing numbers from rural areas. Dartmouth's number of applicants continues at the all-time peak of the last three years. Dartmouth cannot rest content with its comfortable ratio of applications to available places but must compete aggressively for quality. Competition for quality in the national field is sharper than ever before, and increasing. Dartmouth's financial aid resources have to be supplemented from general funds even to maintain the present program which ignores the "boy without a nickel." More funds for aiding needy students is a pressing requirement of the College. Twenty per cent of the student body receives financial aid. Dartmouth proselytes.
Now let us turn to some of these points in more detail.
Ask President Hopkins what kind of student body Dartmouth wants, and ask him how Dartmouth is to be assured of gettingthat kind of student body, ask him "DoesDartmouth proselyte?"
"Certainly Dartmouth proselytes" he will say. "I myself do it. The faculty does it. The alumni do it. But the point to be made is that we proselyte for quality. Indeed my only regret is that we have to set limits."
The President will explain that he wishes for Dartmouth the best talent that can be found, genius if it is available. This is the fundamental basis of the Selective Process. Formerly the eastern colleges had trouble in getting good men from the West and South because the schools in those areas were deficient enough in their curricula to prevent them from qualifying under earlier inflexible and myopic admissions systems. Now all the facts about a boy's personality, work, backgrounds and ambitions can be taken into consideration his bare academic history.
Mr. Hopkins wants among other things a man from Nevada "simply because we haven't one." His keen interest in geographical distribution as well as a complete economic cross-section in Dartmouth's student body have been among his most burning purposes for the twenty- five years of his administration.
He likes to quote the statement made by someone that the most important factor in education is the "impact of youthful mind on youthful mind" to explain why Dartmouth should have the most widely representative student body both geographically and economically. Mr. Hopkins wished that more persons could understand that the assumptions that any person has a right to financial aid from the College are false. The position of Dartmouth, he said, might be compared to the Church of England during the nineteenth century when the blacks were being converted to Christianity. A layman questioned Spurgeon, the great London preacher, whether it was true that the heathen in Central Africa would go to Hell if foreign missions were not supported. "No," said Spurgeon, "the London churches would go to Hell."
Likewise, says President Hopkins, Dartmouth as a liberal college herself needs to include in the undergraduate body representatives of the financially underprivileged.
Is Dartmouth "the most expensive college?"
Albert I. Dickerson, Executive Assistant to the President, traces these preposterous rumors which have cropped up persistently during the past six years to an innocent looking questionnaire which came into the President's Office in 1933 looking like any of hundreds of similar questionnaires which come.in every year. It was on the subject of expenses of going to college and was answered with figures from the previous year's College Catalogue on the "minimum" and "fair average" expenses of attending Dartmouth.
The questionnaire was from the United States Office of Education which in 1934 published a pamphlet entitled "The Cost of Going to College," purporting to be an analysis of the "minimum" and "typical" expenses of a freshman at American colleges. The magazine Time picked up the item in which the Dartmouth figure for "typical" (but not "minimum") expenses was somewhat higher than that of similar colleges, and the phrase "the most expensive college" was widely copied in newspapers.
From bewildered friends of Dartmouth came a spate of disillusioned letters asking could such things be. Proud parents wilted and nearly gave up hope of sending the sons that they had counted on as Dartmouth men of the future. Newspapers wrote editorials suggesting that Dartmouth was positively dizzy in its exclusive country club leanings.
The potentially disadvantageous results for the College were immediately apparent, but concern was at least partially mitigated by the wrath of some of the graduates of a sister institution who indicated to one Dartmouth man that they didn't know whether to be shocked or amused at the implication that anyone would spend more money going to Dartmouth than to Princeton!
The trouble sprang from the difference in interpretation by various colleges of what "typical" meant, and by the fact that most colleges did not include in the figures items for clothing, social expenses, travel and amusements, while a few colleges like Dartmouth did include such items. Analysis of the individual figures shows that they were calculated on widely varying bases and were not comparable with one another.
Mr. Dickerson spiked these rumors by writing to questioning correspondents and sending out the correct information to the proper offices, which showed that while the minimum expense at Dartmouth was about $1,100 as quoted, the "typical" expense was practically identical to expense figures at other colleges in Dartmouth's class.
The misunderstanding seemed to be cleared up and the ghost of "the most expensive college" properly interred when a new crop of similar complaints from aggrieved alumni and friends appeared in 1939. The trouble came this time through the fact that some insurance companies had distributed reprints of the original, uncorrected data from the Office of Education pamphlet. With the cooperation of insurance companies an effort is being made to correct these misapprehensions by the distribution of several thousand folders with accurate data for the use of life insurance agents.
This is the story of how Dartmouth was rumored from California to New York to be a rich man's college. As a matter of fact, the students' fixed expenses in colleges of Dartmouth's class are closely standardized. There is practically no variation from institution to institution after proper allowances are made for the widely varying practices in relation to special fees and other obligatory expenses of numerous kinds which at Dartmouth are all included in the tuition fee.
Does it make any difference when applicants to the freshman class are beingconsidered if they come from wealthy andwell-to-do families?
Dean Robert C. Strong's answer comes back without hedging. "Not the slightest. I myself am not concerned with the question of deciding about financial aid for applicants to the freshman class. From the two thousand odd preparatory and high school students who want to get in, we select a class of about 700, and only after they have been chosen for admission does Professor Neef go into the problem of how much financial aid they should have if they declare themselves in need. We do, however, have to take into account simply whether or not an applicant will need aid in college, since we could not admit a whole class of boys unable to pay their way. We try to figure about 20% of each class to receive financial aid."
In answer to a direct question as to whether a boy who did not have a dime, or the prospect of getting a dime from anyone except by his own efforts at odd jobs, could get in, Dean Strong answers with equal directness, "Let me be honest and say no; he cannot, ordinarily, though there come occasions and applicants so extraordinary that we make exceptions." Though not many boys without a red cent find their way into the freshman class, it is nevertheless a fact that many poor persons without asking for financial aid do send their sons to Dartmouth.
The poor boy is not necessarily shut out, but, other considerations being equal, the boy from the educated environment has an advantage. Yet the poor boy does not suffer in the competition for admission because his education is less well grounded. The Dartmouth * Admission Plan does not use any arbitrary test such as a College Board Examination in which the privileged profit by their special training in expensive schools or tutoring establishments. Obviously the sons of foreign families living close to the soil often speaking in the home their native Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, German, Polish, and Italian might show up poorly on tests devised to measure quick responses possible only to minds made supple by seventeen to nineteen years' use of English and its nuances. But a careful sifting of all facts concerning the Americanized foreigner, his habits, adaptability, attitude towards his parents, use of money, hobbies, dreams, might show that here was good soil in which the seeds of knowledge could be planted, here were sturdy roots that could stand some freezing in the blizzards of life, here was some foliage opening up to the sun and some flowering that would mean a germination for the future.
The daily driving ambition of Dean Strong is to find the diamond in the rough for whom he has a genuine respect. He recognizes that his difficulty and his humiliation come when he makes a mistake and picks a "dud." Such instances do occur, but the emphasis should be put on their infrequency.
Dean Strong believes that short of becoming clairvoyant we can go no farther in perfecting a system to get boys who will be a credit to Dartmouth.
Far from playing city-bred boys as favorites, he says frankly that there is plenty of room at Dartmouth for the small-towners. Indeed he wishes to emphasize that parents are not always right when they feel the necessity of sending their sons for a year to an expensive preparatory school to give them training in studies and in social deportment.
And he goes on to say that what Dartmouth as a liberal college can give a young man are the stern virtues that go with a college where respect is accorded to personal integrity. Its outdoor appeal is apt to stir the pallid blood of the boy sick of the city who craves a stronger breeze than the faint stirrings of air blowing across drawingroom corsages, quite as much as the ruddy complexion of the western boy sick of riding horseback 30 miles a day who craves the indoor odor of printer's ink and fine paper on books in the Tower Room and the aroma of old bindings and learning in the heavy air of the stacks.
The Director of Admissions in favoring applicants from rural districts is only trying to offset a trend. In the freshman class of 1903, 33.35 per cent came from the country; in the freshman class of 1923, only 16.44 Per cent, in the present freshman class, only 10.35 Per cent.
Or if we take the matter from the opposite point of view, the increase of freshmen coming from metropolitan areas has been steady and marked. The first year men of the class of 1903 had only 44.25 per cent; 1923, 64.24 per cent, and 1943, 71.40 per cent from urban sections.
If Dartmouth has left behind some of its rural influences, it has undoubtedly gained as a national institution because the total number of states represented in the freshman year of the class of 1903 was only 16. In the freshman year of 1923 it had risen to 34; and in the present freshman class with the number reaching 38, only 10 states are not represented. The number of states represented in all classes in College is 47; only Nevada is missing. In the present freshman class there are 16 students from foreign countries; 1923, 4; 1903, 1.
How much money per annum shoulda boy have clearly in sight before decidingon Dartmouth?
"He should have not less than $500," replies Professor Francis J. A. Neef. Asked why he should have to have so much, Mr. Neef pointed out that there is only $211,000 a year to distribute and of this amount only $161,000 is in cash.
"This year there are 480 undergraduates on cash aid," he says, "and at present we favor the principle of distributing, let's say, $ 1,000 among four or five boys rather than to give it to only one. The result is that about 20 per cent of the entire college is on aid. Financial aid ranges all the way from $50 to $70, depending on how badly the money is needed, and the average cash aid per man is about $335."
Mr. Neef does not favor distributing money automatically according to the grades a student gets, for this seems to him too much like paying him for his marks; he feels that our present procedure of calculating the amount of aid on the basis of a student's budget is a much more logical and fair method. He thinks that so per cent of the college being financially aided is about right but that the money he has to distribute among this group is far from adequate. If he could get more money, he would not necessarily favor letting in more boys with limited means but would prefer to lighten the load of those who are staggering under too much strain.
Mr. Neef thinks that work outside studies is not always beneficial and that an undergraduate certainly ought not to put in more than three hours a day if he is going to do well in his studies and participate some in wholesome outside activities.
"Washing dishes is a necessary evil," says Mr. Neef, "and a fallacy underlies the loose assumption that a boy who has worked his way through college is going to be a better business man with a sounder character than a boy in circumstances moderate enough to know the value of money."
How are other institutions competingfor national representation and quality ofapplicants, including those without financial resources?
Dartmouth sympathizers are following with close attention the methods Harvard has taken in her effort to get the best preparatory and high school boys in states outside of New England. Harvard is generous with financial aid to "young men of outstanding ability and promise no matter what their financial circumstances may be" and is doing more than Dartmouth in plumbing the lower income levels for talent.
How drastic this experiment in higher education is in its attempt to make public the services of a privately endowed college may be seen by the fact that Harvard is giving at least fifteen National Scholarships annually to freshmen now residing and attending school in: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, lowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, or Tennessee. In addition, Harvard gives no fewer than six National Scholarships annually to freshmen now residing and attending school in: Louisiana, New Mexico, California, Oregon, or Washington.
Harvard with her greater resources is able to do far more financially than Dartmouth for her men on financial aid. Because the National Scholarships sponsored by Harvard are regarded as prizes to be competed for by all students whatever their financial circumstances, the stipend varies from a minimum of $100 to a maximum of $1,000 in the first year, depending upon the financial resources of the student. $1,000 is considered adequate to cover all expenses of freshman year, except for those men coming from the Far West who may be given as much as $1,100. Upperclassmen may receive as much as $1,200, and if they come from the Far West $1,300.
Such substantial help is given with the definite expectation that the winners of National Scholarships, relieved of the need of doing any outside work to earn money, will have adequate time to maintain a high honor record.
Dartmouth men may naturally wonder whether the insistence on honor grades at Harvard for the National Scholarship winners results in a student too narrowly interested in marks, smelling of the lamp, anti-social. The reverse seems to be true, according to Assistant Dean Henry Chauncy and David T. W. McCord, Executive Secretary of the Harvard Fund. Of course there is no doubt about their ability to get very high grades. In the classes of 1938 and 1939 combined, six of the 30 National Scholars graduating got Summa Cum Laude, nine got Magna Cum Latide, and five Cum Laude. The success of the plan seems proved when only 23 other men from the two classes totaling 1,597 men were able to win Summa Cum Laude.
Striking in the class of 1943 at Harvard College is the distribution of income levels among the families of the National Scholars. One came from a family an income of less than $500a year, four from families having less than $1,000, six from families having less than $1,500 three from families having less than $2,000.
What has Dartmouth done to be compared with the Harvard plan? She has established a number of regional scholarships to give financial aid to "applicants of outstanding excellence." California offers two of $700, Connecticut three of $600 New Hampshire two of $500, Illinois one of $550, Colorado several of substantial but as yet undetermined amounts. In addition, the Dartmouth Women's Club of Boston has been contributing annually approximately $1,000 towards a revolving loan fund. The Dartmouth Educational Association of Boston, which was organized many years ago and which makes loans on recommendation by Professor Neef, made available to the College $6,235 last year. The revolving loan funds established by classes and local alumni associations have been of invaluable aid at critical moments.
The College makes available $161,000 in cash and gives another $50,000 to students who work at the Dartmouth Dining Association, Baker Library, and elsewhere. This amount of financial aid is considered the absolute minimum, but it is secured only by the College definitely earmarking from current income $65,000 that it can ill afford.
Has Dartmouth become an expensivecollege and have the undergraduates lostthe virility that made them famousthroughout the country in the old days?
Yes is the answer to both questions, in the opinion of William H. McCarter '19, Director of Athletics.
Mr. McCarter says that we should not delude ourselves by believing the College is as rugged as it used to be. The reason is simple enough: it costs too much money to go to college in Hanover and consequently a large number of men that would be a credit to us are lost. The amount and number of scholarships are far from being adequate, and, in fact, Dartmouth is lagging behind the other colleges of its rank.
When asked if he had in mind that Dartmouth was losing out on football players, Mr. McCarter said, "Certainly we are. The poor boys are the ones who like to play football and can play it best, for they learned it on back lots where the going was rough. Rich boys are apt to be softer and can't stand as much punishment. They usually do not have .he competitive spirit that modern football demands.
"But don't limit it to athletics. Football is only one of many exacting tests, although perhaps the most obvious example. I also have in mind that Dartmouth suffers in other activities. The poor, ambitious boys tend to make their mark in whatever they do and give backbone to non-athletic activities as well, to the Players, to The Dartmouth, to the Outing Club, and to whatever you want to mention."
Questioned about athletic scholarships at Dartmouth, Mr. McCarter said that they exist neither officially nor unofficially. A man has not the right under our present regulations to send a boy whom he has always known and liked to Dartmouth primarily to play football, even if he satisfies the requirements in studies.
There is great potential embarrassment, explained Mr. McCarter, whenever an alumnus or a group of alumni give help to a boy directly without consulting the Administration about rules. Any man who promises financial aid to a boy before he is admitted is liable to hurt the College. Once the boy is admitted, the College can often give some financial aid to the boy.
The type of alumni help most favored by the College, Mr. McCarter believes, is the Chicago Plan. This calls (1) for the gift to the College of money collected from alumni and others, (2) for the disbursement of outright grants or loans to students by the College in the name of the alumni group concerned, (3) for the nominations to be made by officers of the alumni group, (4) for repayments (only in cases of loans) to be collected by the College and added to the principal of the funds concerned.
Professor Neef, Director of the Personnel Bureau, feels less strongly than Mr. McCarter the loss of men whose families have less than $500 to give for a college education. Mr. Neef even feels that the College might be unwise to make $1,100 available for an untried incoming freshman with no means. The effect of so much money on the boy is the touchstone, and he would be apt to have his head turned, make a poor undergraduate, and perhaps even an ungrateful alumnus. Few business men would be in favor of so much as an outright gift, believes Mr. Neef; the business man would be in favor of part loans. However, any Dartmouth student who loads himself down with more than $800 of debts at graduation is making a mistake because he will stagger under too heavy a burden in his business and in his domestic life. For this reason the College distributes its aid so that part is a stipend and part a loan.
The place for all the very poor boys with brains is not at Dartmouth with its present endowment, thinks Mr. Neef, but some would do better at a state university or at an inexpensive endowed college in their own communities. Even if we had more money, we should not give too large scholarships to a relatively few individuals but we should lighten the loads of a larger number of capable undergraduates here who are having tough sledding to make both ends meet and keep up in their studies.
Is Dartmouth exclusively a rich man'scollege? How can more funds for financialaid be secured?
Answering the criticisms of well-wishers that we are becoming a rich man's college, Halsey C. Edgerton '06, Treasurer of Dartmouth, points out that the wealthy and the poor alike pay a tuition fee that provides only part of the income necessary to operate the institution. Consequently the College is by no means limited to plutocrats; rather it is an institution devoted to public service, and it is willing to proceed on the assumption that those who can pay fifty per cent of what it costs are eligible for membership. "Any person who examines the facts," says Mr. Edgerton, "can quickly see that Dartmouth is charging no more tuition than other colleges of its class.
"Many persons jump to an ill-advised conclusion about costs at Dartmouth being higher than at other institutions because they do not see that estimates are not made on a common basis. That is to say, the 1450 tuition at Dartmouth includes hospitalization, laboratory fees, matriculation fees, library fees, and the socalled incidental fees. Anyone estimating how expensive Dartmouth is compared with other colleges must realize that we do not have extra academic fees tacked on to the tuition as so many other colleges do. Considering our Health Service, we may say that Dartmouth is certainly no more and if anything less expensive than colleges of its standing."
What does our future seem to be in terms of a public institution offering instruction to the public at half cost? In an unsettled world where investments no longer bring in a Victorian nine per cent and where large gifts to educational institutions seem to be on the decline, what is going to become of our efforts to help boys a notch or two above the poverty line? It seems to be generally agreed that to keep Dartmouth a democratic college we need more financial aid. Who is going to furnish the money?
A possible plan is to charge the sons of the well-to-do and rich a higher tuition on the ground that they can well afford to put it, but Mr. Edgerton is not in favor of any such scheme.
"Because the sons of the rich pay only about fifty per cent of what it costs the College to educate them" he says, "some persons have rashly jumped to the conclusion that they should pay more. The "fallacy here is that Dartmouth would lose its democratic standing and soon find itself playing the role of some preparatory schools where there is a sharp distinction between the wealthy boy who pays a good deal and the charity boy who may be looked down upon because he has his way to make."
Answering the question as to where we could get more funds for financial aid, Mr. Edgerton said that there are only two ways. First, we may economize in our operating costs which would mean reducing salaries, which is a last ditch expedient, or a decrease in the number of the teaching staff. Should the latter happen, students would find small courses wiped out and in their place large lecture courses, economical to run. But the professors would have less time for conferences, for preparation of lectures, and for participation in the life of the College, since they would have an excessive burden of work with a large number of students.
If this procedure is undesirable we are left with the final choice, which is to depend on alumni and friends of the College to give money.
On the basis of the evidence presented by the Administration, alumni may think themselves through to a new consideration of the Dartmouth that is theirs, always the old College that is constant in its attempts to retain the time-tested values and changing in its attempts to absorb whatever is valuable from the contemporary world.
Certainly they have good right to believe that Dartmouth is no luxurious college, no hothouse for the rich, no plutocratic country club for snobs. A north country college is Dartmouth, par excellence American, drawing on all parts of the country. The democratic feeling is here, as strong as it ever was.
And yet even her most devoted admirers would hesitate to say that the College need not exert itself in her struggle for perfection. There is work to be done. The College would like to unearth the rich treasures in personality and talent not yet discovered in American life.
Alumni wishing to be helpful do not have to look farther. President Hopkins says that the Alumni Fund is of enormous advantage to the College because it is so flexible and can be deflected as necessary from year to year to strengthen weaknesses and to supply deficiencies. He and other members of the Administration are persuaded that what Dartmouth needs greatly at the moment are gifts to provide financial aid for students coming from families modest and worthy. The electricity of their ambition, the energy of their blood, and the restlessness of their intelligence will help to provide that most precious of impacts praised by Ernest Martin Hopkins ever since as a freshman he first heard the voice of the old South speak to him and first felt the energy of the new West, ever since he discovered in his teens that he had not as many of the answers to life as he thought he had. He began seriously to ask himself and his professors questions, to pause, to compare and to consider.
The impact of youthful mind on youthful mind—that is what President Hopkins asks today, and he tries to keep the stimulus as geographically and socially widespread as possible, for he hopes to keep the fresh and vital springs of democracy bubbling in Dartmouth College.
PROF. F. J. A. NEEF CONFERS WITH DEAN STRONG ON FINANCIAL AID. AT RIGHT, AUTHOR HURD IN HIS STUDY.
STUDENT LAUNDRY AGENTS EARN MUCHNEEDED SPARE CASH.
THIS CHECKER IN FRESHMAN COMMONS EARNS HIS BOARD BILL
BAKER LIBRARY PROVIDES STUDENT WORK IN GUIDING VISITORS. RIGHT, STUDENTS PRESERVE OLD BOOKS IN CARPENTER ART LIBRARY.
Dartmouth Reflects the National Problem of Limited Financial Aid Resources for Poor Boys
