Identifications

1. Jane Addam's insights into the human and socialcost of industrial capitalism and international conflict led her to establish Hull House, Chicago's famous settlement house, out of which energetic womendid pioneering work in the fields of sociology, factoryinspection, child labor, industrial safety, unionizedlabor, immigrant protection, welfare procedures,compulsory schooling, and juvenile law.

2. Rosalind Franklin was the unheralded memberof the Watson-Crick-Wilson team that unravelledthe molecular structure of D.N.A. in 1953. It wasshe who exposed the errors in the first model and tookthe beautiful x-ray photographs that allowed confirmation of the correct hypothesis.

3. Mary Godwin Shelley, author of Frankenstein, was a pioneer in the development of the Gothic noveland the creator of the genre of science fiction.

4. Elizabeth Fry's passionate crusades roused theworld's conscience to the plight of prisoners, lunatics,and the incarcerated poor. She was the first to suggestthat prisons should be places of rehabilitation, andshe instituted prison changes in England, Scotland,Australia, France, Germany, and Holland.

5. Irene Joliot-Curie, daughter of Marie Curie,was co-discoverer of the neutron, a fundamentalsubatomic particle. She worked after 1937 on nuclear fission and helped develop nuclear reactors.

6. Theroigne de Mericourt is said to have led thestorming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, an assault that signalled the outbreak of the French Revolution. Her part in it is so variously urged anddenied by historical sources that academicians areambivalent about it; but there is no doubt about herrole as one of the small deputation that led the famousOctober 5 march on the king at Versailles.

7. Emmy Noether, the one woman pictured among80 portraits in the "Men of Mathematics" exhibit atthe 1964 'World's Fair in New York, was one of thecreators of modern abstract axiomatic algebra.

8. Clara Barton, called "the Angel of the Battlefield" for her unremuneratedfront-line relief work inthe Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War, successfully urged on President Garfield this country'slaggard membership in the International Committeeof Relief of Geneva. Thus was formed the AmericanRed Cross, of which she was the first president.

9. Ellen Richards examined the effects of chemicalson air, water, and food, and by insisting on abalance between human beings and the environment,laid the foundations for the public health movementin this country, influenced passage of the Pure Foodand Drug Act, and launched the science of ecology.

10. Margaret Sanger, oft-arrested founder of theUnited States birth control movement , studied contraception worldwide and then disseminated, illegally ,birth control information in her journal. She convened the International Birth Control Congress in1925 and was the unheralded organizer in 1927 ofthe first World Population Conference in Geneva.

11. Mary Lou Williams, considered by many jazz'sfinest pianist and one of its most brilliant composers,was self-taught. She established a nationwide reputation arranging and performing with the Clouds ofJoy and later through her own radio show.